Long take

A continued booty is an ceaseless attempt in a blur which lasts abundant best than the accepted alteration clip either of the blur itself or of films in general, usually abiding several minutes. It can be acclimated for affecting and anecdotal aftereffect if done properly, and in affective shots is generally able through the use of a barrow or Steadicam. Continued takes of a arrangement filmed in one attempt after any alteration are attenuate in films.1

Background

The appellation "long take" is acclimated because it avoids the cryptic meanings of "long shot", which can accredit to the framing of a shot, and "long cut", which can accredit to either a accomplished adaptation of a blur or the accepted alteration pacing of the film. However, these two agreement are sometimes acclimated interchangeably with "long take".

When filming Rope (1948), Alfred Hitchcock advised for the blur to accept the aftereffect of one continued connected take, but the cameras accessible could authority no added than 1000 anxiety of 35 mm film. As a result, anniversary booty acclimated up to a accomplished cycle of blur and lasts up to 10 minutes. Abounding takes end with a barrow attempt to a characterless apparent (such as the aback of a character's jacket), with the afterward booty alpha at the aforementioned point by zooming out. The absolute blur consists of alone 11 shots.2 (For a complete assay of Hitchcock's hidden and accepted cuts in Rope, see David Bordwell's argument "Poetics of Cinema", 2008).

Andy Warhol and accommodating beat filmmaker, Jonas Mekas, attempt the 485-minute-long beginning film, Empire (1964), on 10 rolls of blur application an Auricon camera via 16mm blur which accustomed best takes than its 35 mm counterpart. "The camera took a 1,200ft cycle of blur that would shoot for almost 33 minutes."3

The breadth of a booty was originally bound to how abundant blur a camera could hold, but the appearance of agenda video has appreciably diffuse the best breadth of a take. A scattering of theatrically appear affection films, such as Timecode, Russian Ark, PVC-1, and La address muda are filmed in one distinct take; others are composed absolutely from a alternation of continued takes, while abounding added may be able-bodied accepted for one or two specific continued takes aural contrarily added commonly edited films.

Sequence shot

A arrangement attempt involves both a continued booty and adult camera movement; it is sometimes alleged by the French appellation plan-séquence. The use of the arrangement attempt allows for astute and badly cogent accomplishments and average arena activity. Actors ambit about the set transacting their business while the camera accouterment focus from one even of abyss to addition and aback again. Cogent off-frame activity is generally followed with a affective camera, artlessly through a alternation of pans aural a distinct connected shot. An archetype of this is the aboriginal arena in the board allowance of 12 Angry Men, area the jurors are accepting acclimatized into the room.

Average shot length

Films can be quantitatively analyzed application the "ASL" (average attempt length), a statistical altitude which divides the absolute breadth of the blur by the cardinal of shots. For example, Béla Tarr's blur Werckmeister Harmonies is 149 account long, and fabricated up of 39 shots.4 Thus its ASL is 223.7 seconds.

The ASL is a almost contempo metric, devised by blur academic Barry Salt in the 1970s as a adjustment of statistically allegory the beat patterns both aural films and beyond groupings of them. Noted practitioners of ASL studies accommodate David Bordwell and Yuri Tsivian. Tsivian acclimated the ASL as a apparatus for assay of D. W. Griffith's Intolerance (ASL 5.9 seconds) in a 2005 article.5 Tsivian helped barrage a website alleged Cinemetrics, area visitors can measure, record, and apprehend ASL statistics.

Directors known for long takes

Chantal Akerman6

Robert Altman7

Paul Thomas Anderson7

Michelangelo Antonioni7

Alfonso Cuarón7

Brian De Palma7

Carl Theodor Dreyer8 in his complete films

Bruno Dumont9

Michael Haneke10

Hou Hsiao-Hsien11

Alfred Hitchcock

Miklos Jancso12

Jia Zhangke13

Mikhail Kalatozov7

Kenji Mizoguchi (see description of Mizoguchi's continued booty ability in David Thomson's Biographical Dictionary of Film)

Max Ophüls14

Otto Preminger15

Jean Renoir16

Jacques Rivette17

Martin Scorsese 7

Alexander Sokurov18

Andrei Tarkovsky19

Béla Tarr20

Rob Tregenza21

Tsai Ming-Liang22

Apichatpong Weerasethakul23

Orson Welles7

Joe Wright7

Quentin Tarantino24

M. Night Shyamalan25